Agronomic measures such as mixed cropping, contour cultivation, mulching, etc. which:

• are usually associated with annual crops
• are repeated routinely each season or in a rotational sequence
• are of short duration and not permanent
• do not lead to changes in slope profile
• are normally independent of slope

Vegetative measures such as grass strips, hedge barriers, windbreaks, etc. which:

• involve the use of perennial grasses, shrubs or trees
• are of long duration
• often lead to a change in slope profile
• are often zoned on the contour or at right angles to wind direction
• are often spaced according to slope

Structural measures such as terraces, banks, bunds, constructions, palisades, etc. which:

• often lead to a change in slope profile
• are of long duration or permanent
• are carried out primarily to control runoff, wind velocity and erosion
• often require substantial inputs of labour or money when first installed
• are often zoned on the contour / against wind direction
• are often spaced according to slope
• involve major earth movements and / or construction with wood, stone, concrete, etc.

Management measures such as land use change, area closure, rotational grazing, etc. which:

• involve a fundamental change in land use
• involve no agronomic and structural measures
• often result in improved vegetative cover
• often reduce the intensity of use

Combinations in conditions where different measures are complementary and thus enhancing each other. Any combinations of the above measures are possible, eg:

• structural: terrace with
• vegetative: grass and trees with
• agronomic: ridges